While these perspectives are valuable, they lack a consideration of the historical development of heating infrastructures, end-use technologies and the infrastructural systems that distribute the energy supply. Future renewable and energy efficient heating and energy supply can be composed of multiple technologies such as waste heat, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps, geothermal, which can be utilized through district heating (DH) networks combined with the use of individual heat pumps in areas with low heat consumption densities in addition to significant heat savings in all buildings. A body of literature address policies for promoting renewable heating, for residential EE as well as assessing the balance between heat supply and heat savings. Recent studies contributed with open-source datasets of the EU-28 heating and cooling sectors for 2015, which also proved important in the realization of this study. In order to address these knowledge gaps, heat transitions have received considerable attention both from the European Commission and several Horizon 2020 research projects, presenting possible pathways towards RE based heat supply. Past experiences should be considered when developing new decarbonisation strategies in Member States and on the EU level. The period shows many options for decarbonisation are not used to the full potential, e.g., energy efficiency in buildings, district heating, heat pumps. The analysis show path-dependent trajectories are present in most Member States, especially regarding natural gas infrastructure. Path-dependency effects are found in the residential heat supply in EU. Primary and final energy consumption decreased in spite of an increase in the total occupied living area in most countries. The building level technologies are dominated by non-condensing boilers and stoves. Primary energy supply for residential heating is mainly based on fossil fuels 70% in 2015 with 69% imported. Data is combined for buildings, installed technologies, fuel consumption and energy supply for Member States from 1990 to 2015, to analyse the importance of large-scale infrastructures and supply chains. This paper provides a deep understanding of the historical development, path dependency and current status of the EU-28 residential heat sectors to inform strategy and policy makers and to open up this black box. EU is moving towards a climate neutrality goal in 2050 with heating of buildings posing a major challenge.
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